Copper
The value of copper in today’s market is significant, and is expected to continue growing, driven by the critical role this metal plays in the global transition to clean energy and electrification.
Copper is essential for renewable energy systems, electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and electrical infrastructure due to its excellent conductivity.
As demand for these technologies surge, and the global supply of copper continues to decline, the outlook for copper remains strong.
Nickel
Nickel is essential for producing stainless steel and batteries, making it integral to the rapidly growing renewable energy sector.
Nickel is also a strategic resource for Australia. Domestic exploration and production reduces our reliance on foreign supplies, particularly those regions with higher geo-political risks.
Additionally, Australia has a regulatory framework to support environmentally sustainable mining. This means nickel produced in Australia often has a lower environmental impact than in other parts of the world.
As the world moves towards greener energy, the need for sustainably sourced nickel increases, positioning Australia as a major supplier to global markets.
Natural Hydrogen
Natural hydrogen, also known as white, gold or geologic hydrogen, has the potential to revolutionise global energy markets due to its numerous advantages over existing energy options.
Unlike hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, geologic hydrogen is naturally occurring.
It is primarily created when water interacts with ultra-mafic rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium. These rocks are in the earth’s mantle (the layer between the earth’s crust and core). The process is called serpentization. The water oxidises the iron in the rocks and this produces hydrogen.
Due to its formation occurring naturally, geologic hydrogen has significantly lower production costs and carbon emissions.
Constellation Resources has secured one of the largest prospective areas for natural hydrogen in Western Australia, covering 87,000 square kilometres.
For more information on this resource and our projects click here.
Hydrogen Economics - High Margin/Low Capital
Current sell price H2 ~ US$9 kg,
Current production price white H2 ~ US$2 kg
Green Hydrogen
Made by using renewable energy to electrolyse water. H2 seperated from H2O. Production is expensive
<1.0kg CO2e per kg H2#
Blue Hydrogen
Made from natural gas.
H2 separated from CH4.
Carbon emissions captured.
-3.0kg CO2e per kg H2#
Grey Hydrogen
Made from natural gas.
H2 separated from CH4.
Carbon emissions not captured.
-9.0kg CO2e per kg H2#
White (Natural) Hydrogen
Naturally occurring,
found in the subsurface.
Hydrogen made underground.
<1.0kg CO2e per kg H2
* Geologic hydrogen (white) has a carbon intensity of 0.37 kg CO2e per kilogram of hydrogen when including the embodied emissions of the well casing and hydrogen emissions, according to a published paper in Joule by Stanford’s Dr. Adam Brandt.
Numerous ranges of production costs exist due to changing variables such as, but not limited to, technology advancement, existing infrastructure, feedstock price etc Source: Ranges sourced from BloombergNEF, IEA, Lazard, IRENA. ‘At the dawn of a hydrogen era’, Clota Varde Feb 2023
# Modified from koloma article. Values obtained from 2022 GREET Model. Carbon intensity of hydrogen production for natural hydrogen was calculated based on Brandt, A. Greenhouse Gas Intensity of Geologic Hydrogen Produced from Subsurface Deposits. 2023. EarthArXiv preprint. Calculation maintained consistency with GREET methodology.